Health in the Global Community.
Women’s health
Read chapters 15 and 17 of the class textbook and review the attached PowerPoint presentations. Once done, answer the following questions;
1. Mention and discuss the World Health Organization’s concepts of “health for all” and primary health care.
2. Describe the role of the community or public health nursing in international health.
3. Identify and discuss the major indicators of women’s health.
4. Mention and apply the nursing process to women’s health concerns across all levels of prevention.
INSTRUCTIONS:
As stated in the syllabus present your assignment in an APA format word document, Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the discussion tab of the blackboard titled “Week 9 discussion questions” and the SafeAssign exercise in the assignment tab of the blackboard. If you don’t post your assignment in any of the required forums you will not get the points. A minimum of 2 evidence-based references besides the class textbook no older than 5 years must be used and quoted. You must post two replies to any of your peers sustained with the proper references no older than 5 years in two different days to verify attendance and as well make sure the references are properly quoted in your assignment. A minimum of 800 words is required. Please make sure to follow the instructions as given and use either spell-check or Grammarly before you post your assignment. You must present the assignment according to how it is posted, answering the questions by number, essay-style assignments will not be accepted unless otherwise specified. I’ve been grading a lot of assignments with quite a few spelling/grammar errors. As a BSN student, you should be able to present an assignment according to APA and without errors.
Chapter 17
Women’s Health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Women’s Health
“… essential to the development of health care for women are the concepts of health promotion, disease and accident prevention, education for self-care and responsibility, health risk identification and coordination for illness care when needed.”
– Preamble to a New Paradigm for Women’s Health,
Choi (1985)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Major Indicators of Health
Mortality rates
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the number one overall killer of women.
Cancer rates are increasing because of lifestyle choices, environmental carcinogens, and increase in life expectancy.
Diabetes mellitus causes the premature death of many women and is a risk factor for CVD.
Gaps exist in the availability and quality of reproductive health care services globally.
Life expectancy for Americans is at an all-time high.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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From http://ndep.nih.gov/partners-community-organization/campaigns/SmallStepsBigRewards.aspx
From http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/
Major Indicators of Health (Cont.)
Morbidity rates
More women than men are hospitalized each year in the United States.
Women are more likely than men to be disabled from chronic conditions.
Women are more likely than men to have surgery; many surgeries relate to reproductive health.
The most frequently occurring interruption in women’s mental health relates to depression.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Social Factors Affecting Women’s Health
Health care access
Education and work
Employment and wages
Working women and home life
Family configuration and marital status
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Health Promotion Strategies for Women
Collaboration and an interdisciplinary approach are necessary to meet the health care needs of women.
Women should receive services that promote health and detect disease at an early stage.
Many women seek information that will allow them to be in control of their own health.
Women desire to become more knowledgeable about their own health.
Health promotion for low-income, underserved women may differ from that for middle-class women.
Knowledge deficits about one’s own health prevail among women regardless of socioeconomic or educational level.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Common Acute Illnesses in Women
Urinary tract infection and dysuria
Diseases of the reproductive tract
Vaginitis, vulvovaginitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Chronic diseases
Coronary vascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, and cancer (breast, lung, gynecological)
Mental disorders and stress
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Reproductive Health Concerns
Nutrition
Includes total life nutritional experience
Dysmenorrhea
Family planning
Includes fertility control and infertility
Need multiple safe options designed to meet the individual needs of all women
STIs, HIV, and AIDS
Women need age-appropriate STI prevention, education, and counseling.
Worldwide, AIDS is a leading cause of death among young women.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Other Issues in Women’s Health
Unintentional injury or accidents
Domestic violence is the single largest cause of injury to women between the ages of 15 and 44 in the United States.
Disabilities resulting from acute and chronic conditions
Women have fewer disabilities than men because they tend to report their symptoms earlier and receive necessary treatment.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Major Legislation Affecting Women’s Health Services
Public Health Service Act (1982)
Provides biomedical and health services research, information dissemination, resource development, technical assistance, and service delivery.
Includes the Family Planning Public Service Act
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prevents discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin
Amended to also include pregnancy and childbirth
Sexual harassment is violation of Civil Rights Act
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Major Legislation Affecting Women’s Health Services (Cont.)
Social Security Act
Provides monthly retirement and disability benefits to workers and survivor benefits to families
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
Enacted in 1970
Ensures safe and healthful working conditions
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Enacted in 1993
Provides 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year for family and medical reasons
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Health and Social Services to Promote the Health of Women
Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010
Protection from being denied coverage by insurance companies
Protection from being charged more for health care services because of their gender
Preventive care without copays including:
Well-women visits with screening and counseling for gestational diabetes, HPV, STIs, HIV, contraception, and domestic violence
Breastfeeding counseling support and supplies
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Health and Social Services to Promote the Health of Women (Cont.)
Medicaid (1965)
A federal- and state-funded health insurance program for the poor
Expanded under ACA to persons under 65 with an income below 133% of poverty level
Largest source of funding for people with limited income, regardless of age eligibility
Five broad coverage groups:
Children, pregnant women, adults in families with dependent children, individuals with disabilities, individuals 65 years or older
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Health and Social Services to Promote the Health of Women (Cont.)
Women’s health services
Provide primary health care needs, as well as reproductive and maternity care services including:
Eating disorders
All forms of abuse
Disease prevention, including smoking cessation
Health promotion focusing on nutrition, exercise, and stress management
The National Women’s Health Network is a strong advocate for women’s concerns.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Other Community Voluntary Services
Women’s organizations
Promote voluntary involvement with community; many others have made women’s health a major item on their agenda.
Networking
Help women advance careers, improve lifestyles, and increase income and success.
Crisis hotline services
Provide counseling to battered women, battering parents, rape victims, those considering suicide, and those with multiple needs.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Levels of Prevention
Primary prevention
Recognize risk for disease and target health care behaviors to reduce risk
Never smoking, following a nutritious diet, safe sex practice, avoiding drugs, limiting alcohol consumption, and staying physically active
Secondary prevention
Routine screening for cervical cancer, STIs, breast self-exams, and mammograms
Tertiary prevention
Education and resource utilization
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Roles of the Community Health Nurse
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Direct care
Educator
Counselor
Researcher
Research in Women’s Health
Research efforts to include women in studies have grown; not based only on male subjects
NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health (ORWH) established in 1990
Many topics examined based on special task force recommendations
Research on financing and delivery of health services for women
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Office of Research on Women’s Health
Overarching themes for research:
Developmental, psychological, spiritual, and physiological factors effect on lifespan
Female determinants’ (such as genetics and gender expectations) effect on health
Health disparities and diversity
Diseases and conditions affecting women
Career development and advancement of women in the sciences
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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“Women are at the center of the health of the United States; therefore, if better models are developed for improving the health of women, the health of the entire nation will benefit.”
– Nies and McEwen (2015)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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